The Marketing Mix
In the early 1960s, Professor
Neil Borden of the Harvard Business School identified
a number of company performance actions he
believed influenced the consumer decision to purchase goods or services. Borden suggested that these actions represented a “Marketing
Mix”, which he published in a Harvard Business Review article. Professor E.
Jerome McCarthy, a contemporary colleague also at the Harvard Business School,
then took Borden’s work forward and suggested
that the Marketing Mix could be summated into four elements: product, price,
place and promotion. Thus was codified the famous four Ps (4Ps) which have gone
on to become perhaps the most famous term in marketing to date.
As with any ‘mix’ the concept is straightforward;
it provides a list of basic elements whose
proportions can be altered to produce a variety of ‘mix’ with different
outcomes, e.g. cement as opposed to mortar, bread as opposed to cake. In fact
to illustrate this let’s think about a cake mix.
All cakes contain eggs, milk, flour, and sugar. However, you can alter the
final cake by altering the amounts of mix
elements contained in it. So for a sweet cake add more
sugar, for a fruit cake add fruit, chocolate cake – add
chocolate.
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Note :
Kata-kata yang diwarnai adalah kata kerja dalam bahasa inggris
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